Compare and contrast the objectives of financial statements as Essay

Compare and contrast the objectives of financial statements as outlined by the Companies Act and Conceptual Framework - Essay Example There are many similarities between the Companies Act and the Conceptual framework. Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework enumerate the responsibilities of the board of directors to the general public. Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework enumerate the responsibilities of the board of directors to the general public. Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework enumerate the responsibilities of the board of directors to the general public. Second, Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework that enumerate the responsibilities of the board of directors to the general public makes it a MUST that the preparation of financial statements will foster a closer relationship between suppliers, customers and the other users of the financial statements. Next, Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework that enumerate the responsibilities of the board of directors to the general public makes it a MUST that the preparation of financial statement s to determine if the company has not violated any environmental laws of the land. Both the Companies Act and the Conceptual Framework state that the company must suffer the consequences of their decisions that violate the laws of the land. Furthermore, the focus of both the Companies Act and the conceptual framework is to use independent judgment in the preparation of financial statements.

Example Proposal Essay Example for Free

Example Proposal Essay I have heard that Batangas City Council will be having a Scout Jamboree in the celebration of Scouting Month. In relation to this I would like to bring it to your notice that our Philip’s Sanctuary is an eco-recreation farm, perfect for team building activities, picnics, retreats, company outings, school field trips, parties and more! We have alternative forms of outdoor activities that stimulate the mind, body and spirit amidst a landscape of natural and man-made resources. Activities include team building games, orienteering, wall climbing, mountain trekking, outdoor skills training, outdoor cooking and jungle survival. It is home to nature lovers, and of adventure sports enthusiasts such as mountain bikers, hikers, trekkers, campers, mountaineers, and many more. Phillip’s Sanctuary boasts of obstacle courses that include the high ropes course, low ropes course, zip lines, hanging bridge, mud crawl, wall climbing, tight rope walk, river log balance, tarzan jump and many more. As a background Boy Scout of the Philippines vision of becoming the â€Å"leading provider of progressive outdoor based non-formal education for young Filipino males with the view of developing them to be morally straight, disciplined, concerned, self-reliant citizens in the best tradition of world scouting†, the BSP has set out to instill in Scouts and Scouters love of God, country, and fellowmen, prepare the youth for responsible leadership, and contribute to nation-building, according to the ideals, principles, and programs of Scouting. The BSP has promoted the ability of boys to do things for themselves and others, trained them in Scout craft, and taught them patriotism, courage, self-reliance. Participation in Boy Scouting means enjoying a lot of things together with other scouts. Scouting provides great adventure in outdoor learning. It designs activities that bring about the development of skills that will turn boys into dependable and self-reliant men. Lord Baden Powell, the founder of scouting said that â€Å"a scout is one who thoroughly trains himself in scout craft and places that training at the disposal of the community for public service.† The badges they wear are symbols, which say that they will continue to build and to keep friendship, give happiness to others with their daily good deeds, and live the ideals of the Scout Oath and Law. Scouts grow up to be upright and respectable citizens of the community and of the country. Philip Sanctuary can include facilitator in the package or you may bring your own facilitator. Attached in this letter are the package rates; day rates and the overnight rates. DAY RATES Day Package A: Day Tour no meals – P550.00/pax * Entrance fees and use of all common areas including swimming pool * Use of teambuilding facilities * Use of rafting/boating lagoon * Use of team challenge/low ropes course/obstacle course, hanging bridge * Use of all trails for biking, hiking, trekking * Day activity program * Facilitator’s Fee Day Package B: Day Tour with plated lunch and 2 snacks – P800.00/pax * All of package A inclusions plus plated lunch, AM Snack and PM Snack Day Package C: Day Tour with buffet lunch and 2 snacks – P950.00/pax * All of package A inclusions plus buffet lunch, AM Snack and PM Snack OVERNIGHT RATES Overnight Package A: Overnight Stay only – P800.00/pax * Entrance fees and use of all common areas including swimming pool * Overnight accommodations (dormitory style, no aircon) * Use of teambuilding facilities * Use of rafting/boating lagoon * Use of team challenge/low ropes course/obstacle course, hanging bridge * Use of all trails for biking, hiking, trekking * Day activity program * Facilitator’s Fee Overnight Package B: Overnight Stay with plated meals – P1,300.00/ * All of package A inclusions with plated lunch, dinner and breakfast and 2 snacks Overnight Package C: Overnight Stay with buffet meals – P1,700.00/pax * All of package A inclusions with buffet lunch, dinner and breakfast and 2 snacks In addition to our team building package, you may also be interested in the ff adventure bundles that you can do during your visit. Must be arranged and paid upon booking. Adventure Bundles Bundle A Basic Adventure P100/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of mud slide Bundle B Advanced Adventure P200/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of High Ropes Course Bundle C- Extreme Adventure P220/person -Round Trip Zipline -Use of High Ropes Course -Use of Mud Slide We hope that you will merit our proposal. We promise you an experience of learning, fun and adventure you won’t forget!

Night :: essays research papers

Night Religion has always explained the unknown in knowable terms. It has created symbols for that which could not be known. This symbolism is so deeply imbedded in our minds, cultures, and cosmology that it is rarely questioned from inside the religious paradigms. From outside that paradigm, the religious imagery loses its impact, its subliminal meaning. Religion functions to relieve the anxiety of the absolute fact for each of us that we will die, that our family will die, that our friends will die. Religion promises us that although we may die, we will continue. And, if we believe, then our afterlife will be glorious. Spirituality offers another perspective to this 'man-made' solution. The spiritualistic belief is that of love for the fellow man instead of god; hospitals instead of churches; deeds done rather than prayers said. Spirituality, although bordering on atheism, seeks to understand and love, to find an ethical way of life rather than turning to a higher being for the easy way out. In "Night" by Elie Wiesel we see death of religion in a child because of absolute evil and consequently, the embrace of spirituality. Separated from man made institutions, the core of religion and spirituality must be preserved, if one is to survive in the midst of horror. The Jewish religion was a key motivation to the citizens of Sighet. To Jews religion is not only a method to achieve immortality, but a way of life that must be holistically embraced. This all-consuming religion demands total obedience and is a key motivation in the Jewish deportation and personal surrender to Germany . Analyzing history, one sees the pattern of a Jewish nomad lifestyle ,so deep is their faith, and moving on. "Night" is the first episode where this blind faith could not save them. Spawning from this failure of God is the genocide of millions at the hands of the Nazis. As young Eliezer visits Auschwitz and witnesses this genocide first hand, his blind faith is quickly revoked and in its place remains doubt, question and bitterness. "Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into a wreath of smoke beneath a silent blue sky.

Friday Night Lights Essays -- Movie Film Football Essays

Friday Night Lights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is High School football a sport, or is it more than that to some people? Recent newspaper headlines include such items as coaches abusing student athletes; fathers of athletes murdering coaches, and mother’s disabilitating cheerleading candidates to assure their daughters make the cheerleading team. In Odessa, Texas high school football is a major contributor to the society of a small town in Texas society. Every Friday night, 50,000 people fill the stadium to see high school students put their lives on the line to win a football game. H. G. Bissinger writes a novel called Friday Night Lights, about a year in 1988 where High School players prepare and play on the High School team, and what an impact they have on a small city in Texas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel begins with preseason football in the heat of a Texas summer. The players and coaches practice over 4 hours a day in 100-degree weather. The media is affecting every player pushing for a state championship and college scouts at every practice. A star player named Boobie Miles is in the spotlight and is expected to attend and earn a scholarship to a large state college. The community cannot wait for the season to start to see the greatest team in Texas history, continue the winning tradition of the Permian Panthers. In one of the first games, Boobie Miles sustains a serious injury and will likely play again. Coach Gary Gaines, the head coach, had almost every play setup up for Boobie and will have ...

Book Analysis on “New York Burning” Essay

New York Burning is a book written by Jill Lepore narrating a story about parts of history in New York City. The book implies as to how single sort of slavery made such type of liberty in New York during 18th century, as NY was considered a dazzling city as the people will see such paved streets with parks and beech trees shading like of parasol with good oysters as there can be miserable truth of having no freedom. As the author of the book mentions that the city of New York has become city of slavery as it happened and having two hundred slaves being alleged of conspiring to blaze each structure and assassination of the whites as the book mentions that there were men and women being sold into slavery in the Caribbean and the alleged ringleaders were hanged and pardoned. Thus, there were enslaved men and women being conspired that involved deep indication of evidence as there is worth of survival and excavation as the conspiracy of the slaves will imply the casting of violent shadow as it parallels to the political scene. Slavery was then a political issue but, what occurred in New York suggests that there was exertion of authoritative influence dealing to the political existence as the slaves were being suspected of conspiracy as the book describes in the first two chapters. There was emergence of political parties but there are also those critical months of having political antagonism by means of burning black men in a sudden motion. The readers of New York Burning will be able to learn such immense situations concerning the politically-inclined ruthless English immigrant, by the name of Daniel Horsmanden as the court justice at the New York Supreme Court as Daniel played a crucial role for the transmutation of sequences relating to robberies as well as disbelieving fires and Horsmanden has shaped the past memory of terrible and not known incidence. EVALUATION The author of the book, Jill Lepore then rescue Horsmanden from darkness and places him on trial in the horrible burnings as well as hangings carried out through justice in Lepore’s creative retelling of catastrophic events as Lepore saw New York’s unstable political days and certain ideas informed as it is crucial for the understanding of the plot jolt as Lepore believes that what transpired during the year 1741 was clear in light of continuing the discussion regarding freedom and slavery that originated in 18th-century English political civilization in New York City. The parallelism amid the challenge over the accurate to utter opinion in publishes and desire of slaves to expand personal liberty that was outstanding to the people. Amicably, Lepore succeeded in persuading her readers about the flow of logical sanctions in looking at the city of New York as there was the presence of the enslaved blacks determined to be heard as there supposition of political adversary as frightening as it was. There was Lepore’s expedition into the characteristics of New York City that includes such wellbeing and hygiene issues as well as the job routine of imprisoned men. The author of New York Burning demonstrated a well-developed communications system having the major node at Comfort’s glowing joined by discrete slaves mutually. Whether the country’s blacks were being far connected than the whites had think of as there ever conspired in committing the actions as emotional that remain unlock question. In the book, Horsmanden was being keen to provide credibility to assumption that mayhem was intended and subtly unlikely acknowledgment of the African Americans who were frantic to set aside the value of life but, such possible criminals in view as to whom Horsmanden had documented as the well-known individual Catholics have twisted in obliterating as there was the alleged evidence of Catholic scheme as personified in person of John Ury, another arbitrator that allocated responsibility for disaster in New York into overarching Catholic scheme. Moreover, Jill Lepore discerns diverse plots of unlike degree of likelihood as Lepore train her interests on plots that encouraged the New Yorkers to agree in placing of bereavement of many slaves and deport of others and there downplays the position of non-Catholic emotion within catastrophe that occurred. Thus, Lepore’s New York Burning has done a marvelous post of demystifying Horsmanden’s powerful manuscript and changes how the people believe about years in the history of New York as one important theme that Lepore pursues, is the unsafe lawful events that positioned stern limitations on civil liberties of the black defendants as they had nix right to have guidance and if Horsmanden is envoy, there can be ridiculed evidence as disliked. Moreover, in the book, Lepore had discovered certain religious timbre as the author noted that few slaves like for instance, the Portuguese-influenced Angola and Kongo had come across the presence of Christianity in African region. Henceforth, Jill Lepore explained and discussed the labor of Anglican catechist and has portrayed how several Protestants opposed the initiation of slaves because of fear that it can impudent the belief for freedom. Furthermore, Lepore seems to float along with unreeling story of scheme as can be partially true and adding up the drama as Lepore merge her voice with the witnesses. Aside, Lepore reported on rules and made criminals of priests ingoing the settlement of terror in New York of a lurking offshore. Amazingly, Lepore offers no clear conclusion about whether there was really a plot of Horsmanden’s diary having approval but still there is less doubt that the action case was bogus as the author of the book has also shed grave hesitation on veracity among confessions in viewing that prosecutors have urge admission as best way for accused in run off for his finish. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the book was well-written and thoroughly researched that has a gripping account of proceedings that led to the bonfires of the Negroes as the author’s description is vibrant and challenging and has evoke New York in its ethical and corporeal scruffiness within vision of freedom. Upon its ending, there were thirteen slaves being burned and seventeen being dangled and hundreds were locked up as Lepore writes the prison is like the hull slave craft and argued that some slaves were plotting alongside masters of Masonic ceremonies and masquerade priests. In New York Burning, Jill Lepore describe theatrical events with better breaking study as there explores the social climate of epoch but, Lepore noticeably show how danger of black revolt had united the white pluralities of cultural panic and aggression. Thus, Lepore’s meticulous research confronted the reader with dreadful ending as the respected citizens will permit to death of humans as the author, Lepore provide the reader with better milieu on approaches of New York whites headed for slaves and Lepore has done magnificent job of past investigation and understanding and straddling better column amid accepted work and works of educational account. Therefore, Jill Lepore’s use of the position and instance is motivating and Lepore’s account of New York Burning has brought useful awareness behind the beautiful story it has given to the readers of history. New York Burning by Jill Lepore was really an eye-catching book endowed by masterpiece encircles with lush mind’s eye in exceptional blend that is phenomenal learning and terrific writing as Lepore implies that the. New York Burning informs a matter of terrible story in city which was bloody than Salem along the pursuits of slavery with development of actions that surrounds the American Revolution denoting a serious instances from within the book content. I agree that New York Burning was an exceptional book by Jill Lepore that has exposed the dismay of slavery as the book describes in immense facet of independence in lieu to slavery realities in New York. Then, Lepore pointed out the fear of slave rebellion as a reliable theme all throughout the days within colonies. Reference: Lepore, J. (2005). New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan About the Author Jill Lepore is a Professor of History at Harvard University and also the author of The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity both won the Bancroft Prize and Phi Beta Kappa’s Ralph Waldo Emerson Award. Jill Lepore is contributor to The New Yorker and resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Nokia Case Study essays

Nokia Case Study essays How does a 139-year-old Finnish company whose major product lines once included diapers and rubber boots become a leading-edge technology company? When questioned by MIT economist Bengt Holmstrom, Company CEO Jorma Ollila of Nokia insists that there is no secret code to the success of the company based in an inhospitably cold home market of just 5 million people. The key to success for Nokia is establishing the right balance between innovation and execution. According to Ollila, in a technology business, you need a tremendous amount of innovation, but with these volumes and growth you need to execute or it will kill you...I think we have done that better than anybody else.i Nokia Corporation is a world leader in global communications headquartered in Espoo, Finland, just outside of Helsinki. Nokias global presence is established by its 16 manufacturing facilities and 11 research and development centers in 11 different countries around the world. Their 51,000 employees contributed to the sales of 179 million units in 2003, which translated to over $36 billion in net sales and an operating profit of $6.3 billion (appendix i). Nokias $99.1 billion market capitalization makes it the largest company in the telecom equipment makers industry. In 1998, Nokia surpassed Motorola to become the worlds leading maker of mobile phones and has a 34% market share in 2003 (appendix ii). The company has been listed on various exchanges, such as the London Stock Exchange, but it was not until 1994, that Nokia finally listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the NOK ticker symbol where the majority of their cash was generated to buy-out the antsy Finnish shareholders during their troubled early years. Between 1997 and 2000, the stock had increased 2,300% to the delight of their shareholders and proved that Nokia was able to adopt shareholder-value-based thinking. In 2004, Nokia reorganized its organizati...

Organizational Behavior Structure, Development and Change

Organizational Behavior Structure, Development and Change Abstract Being an interdisciplinary area under discussion, organizational behavior includes sociology, management, psychology, and other disciplines. A number of the features of organizational behavior explained in this research paper consist of organizational structure, organizational development, and organizational change.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Behavior: Structure, Development and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study of organizational behavior tests the control that structures, change, and development possess with regard to performance within a business or organization. In a bid to enhance maintained existence, development, and success of businesses in the contemporary aggressive and varying business settings, organizational change has become an obligation. Nevertheless, workers are slow in embracing change since they usually see it as invasive and disruptive element o f the practices and social affiliations previously relied upon to realize essential undertakings. Managing change successfully in an organization is a very difficult undertaking due to employees’ resistance to the change endeavors. Some of the methods that managers can employ in successfully bringing about change in an organization include building resources and communicating facts to employees with the intention of winning their support and loyalty. Introduction The study of organizational behavior examines the influence that structures, change, development, persons, and groups give on performance within a business or organization. Being an interdisciplinary subject, organizational behavior comprises sociology, management, psychology, and other disciplines. Organizational behavior harmonizes the scholarly learning of managerial theory (concentrating on organizational as well as intra-organizational subjects) in addition to studies on human resource (more functional and busin ess-centered). Some of the aspects of organizational behavior discussed in this research paper include organizational structure, organizational development, and organizational change (Hitt, Miller, Colella, 2010, pp. 125-146).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational change signifies the progress of an organization to move out of its current situation and head towards a preferred future situation to boost its competence and success. This research paper discusses organizational behavior before focusing on resistance to change and the way to manage change successfully in an organization. Problem definition For continued existence, development, and success of businesses and organizations in the current competitive and varying business setting, organizational change has become a requirement. Business setting includes different constituents like clients, creditors, suppliers, rivals, governments, investors, and societies. Because these constituents are dynamic, businesses have to change to keep pace with their settings. Managing change in an organization could be among the most difficult undertakings due to employees’ resistance towards change implementation (Kumar, 2012, pp. 11-15). Managing change in an organizational is the practice of designing and executing the change wisely with an aim of minimizing resistance of workers in addition to outlaying business, while as well maximizing the efficiency of change attempt. It is a difficult undertaking for managers due to the resistance to changing the status quo. The resistance might take place at any level of the hierarchy in an organizational. The employees at higher ranks oppose change attempts due to the fear that the process might be a risk to their supremacy, interests, and management of resources. For employees at lower ranks, resistance arises since change brings doubt, which generates insecurity. As a result of resistance, in numerous instances, which are approximated to be as several as 50 per cent of the entire change attempts, organizational change does not deliver anticipated results or meet planned objectives. Organizational Structure A structure in organizations involves actions like duty distribution, harmonization, and management that are concentrated towards the attainment of organizational goals. Organizational structure could as well be viewed as the mirror or viewpoint via which employees observe their organization in addition to its setting. Organizations represent a modification of grouped entities, which could take up different structures in diverse manners depending on their aims (Thompson, 2008, pp. 58-60). Organizational structure decides the approaches in which a firm functions and carries out its endeavors. Organizational structure facilitates in assigning different duties to the different sections of an institution.Advertisin g We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Behavior: Structure, Development and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The structure of an organizational influences the organizational feat in a couple of critical ways. First, it offers the basis where standard working practices and schedules lie. Secondly, it decides which employees take part judgment making practices, and thus to what degree their opinions form the achievements of the institution. Organization Development Organization Development (OD) signifies the orderly use of behavioral discipline at different stages like groups, businesses, and organizations to lead to the desired change. The aim of OD is a superior excellence of work-life, yield, flexibility, and success. It achieves these objectives by altering approaches, conducts, values, policies, practices, and structures for the organization to become accustomed to competitive accomplishments, tech nology advances, and the quick rate of change in the surroundings. OD is the practice of bettering organizations. In a bid to benefit the business, workers, and investors, the practice is circumspectly designed and executed. The customer organization might be a public agency, corporation, non-profit organization, aid group, or a smaller fraction of a bigger organization. The change course maintains development of the business or organization all together. Customers and specialists work jointly to collect statistics, define subjects, and settle on an appropriate line of operation (Thompson, 2008, pp. 61-65). Organizations are evaluated to generate a comprehension of the present state and discover chances for change, which will rally business goals. The difference between OD and traditional consulting lies in the fact that in OD, client participation is supported all through the entire course. The manners in which individuals converse and work jointly are addressed alongside the techn ological matters that require resolution. Importance of organizational development Excellence of work life, productivity, efficiency, and confidence are elements of interest to the majority of organizations since they influence attainment of organization objectives. There is a rising tendency to make the most of the investment of an organization in its workers. Jobs that formerly necessitated physical sleight now necessitate additional psychological effort. All organizations desire to act smarter and make use of creative plans. The labor force has as well changed. Workers anticipate more from the work of a single day than only a days salary. They desire challenge, appreciation, a feeling of achievement, valuable undertakings, and evocative associations with their bosses and colleagues. Failure to satisfy these requirements results to decline in performance (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2004, pp. 86-99).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The modern customers should constantly improve quality, quick delivery of product or service, quick spin instance on changes, reduced prices and additional aspects that are best accomplished in complex settings by inventive organizational processes. The successful organization should deal with the challenges of each day. Therefore, flexibility, responsiveness, and OD in general are vital for any organization to survive and prosper. Organizational Change Organizational change denotes alterations of the present work habits and policies that influence an entire organization and has become a key center of attention in literatures on change management. Whether the consequence of unification, or merely the requirements of an aggressive marketplace, considerable organizational change is a difficult strategy to execute. Organizational change keeps occurring at a great rate in contemporary organizations. A recent study of international companies accounted that organizational managers hold th at just a third of organizational change plans succeed. Even if there are certainly a range of contributing justifications for the high proportion of failure that happens in organizational change endeavors, management studies have progressively come to a conclusion that workers play a key function in the achievement or failure of organizational change (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2004, pp. 86-99). Prior experimental researches have verified the declaration that the responses of workers to change perform a critical function in its achievement. In this regard, the dedication of employees to change has obtained growing consideration as a significant contributor to change associated organizational results. Resistance to change Workers are frequently hesitant to assent to organizational change since they characteristically see it as invasive and disruptive aspect to the habits and social affiliations previously relied upon to carry out essential work undertakings. Employees might as wel l experience raised workloads ensuing from the handling of new work assignments in addition to existing ones, the necessity to change to new work associations, and very frequently, the institution of fresh strategic objectives. Prior studies substantiate the reality that participation in designed change in an organization is a lengthy, psychologically forceful, demanding, and fatiguing practice for the majority of employees (Miner, 2002, pp. 23-26). The constancy of such results has made a number of scholars to suggest that the severe negative sentiments experienced by most workers during the execution of change in an organization make them become reluctant to change and unwilling to enact encouraging conducts towards achieving objectives set by the leaders of different organizations. The view of change is terrifying to the majority of employees, whether logically or otherwise. The resultant terror of change frequently generates resistance in organizations during the anticipation or pronouncement of change. If executives do not sufficiently foresee or prepare for the reactions from their juniors to a planned change, the change might be far more unsettling than is necessary (Miner, 2002, pp. 27-36). Nevertheless, the agents of change have the chance to groom the employees in the organization for the intended change, and hence minimize possible organizational distraction and manage the condition as a chance for competitive restructuring and development. Managing change Build resources One technique of boosting and maintaining dedication of workers to change is by building up their personal resources before the commencement of the process of change. An example of building resources is coming up with coalitions to serve as a policy that frequently occurs all through the entire phase of executing the change (Jaros, 2010, pp. 79-81). Support is collected from every corner that will be involved in the change process and from various levels within the organization. A reward plan that strengthens the desired conduct is as well vital for a successful program of change. The build up resources can help in reducing the tensions and pressures often related to organizational change. The resources could also drive the dedication of employees to change. Such resources might not just have a constructive influence on worker mindsets and conducts, but might as well generate encouraging organizational results through these mindsets and conducts (Jaros, 2010, pp. 81-84). Therefore, it appears quite significant that managers study the function that individual workers play in determining their dedication to, and participation in, the process of change. Communication Workers often see the process of change as unsettling. A triumphant change plan necessitates that workers comprehend why the necessity for change is essential so that they accept the change plan. With lack of understanding, employees think concerning how change will profit or perhaps harm them. By g iving exact information to each employee simultaneously, chances for rumors that cause resistance are eradicated. Failure to communicate facts to employees before execution of change is the worst blunder an organization could make (Jaros, 2010, pp. 85-98). Communication helps in reducing anxiety and worry. In the case of organizational restructuring, it is vital to explain new roles with the intention of raising concerns in a neutral way and evade disorder when change is in progress. Finally, change has to be carefully managed to produce sustained outcomes. Conclusion The study of organizational behavior checks the control that structures, change, development, persons, and groups bestow on performance within a business. For maintained existence, development, and success of businesses and organizations in the contemporary competitive and varying business setting, organizational change has become a requirement. Workers are frequently hesitant to embrace organizational change since the y normally see it as invasive and disruptive of the habits and social affiliations previously relied upon to carry out essential undertakings. Managing change in an organization could be a very difficult undertaking due to employee resistance to the change attempt. Some of the ways that managers can use to bring about change in an organization include building resources and communication in a bid to win the support of the employees. Nevertheless, Jaros (2010) insists that change has to be well managed for employees to embrace it willingly. References Hitt, A., Miller, C., Colella, A. (2010). Organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Jaros, S. (2010). Commitment to organizational change: A critical review. Journal of  Change Management, 10(1), 79–108. Kumar, S. (2012). Challenges of Managing an Organizational Change. Advances in  Management, 5(4), 11-15. Miner, J.B. (2002). Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. New York, NY : Oxford University Press. Schermerhorn, R., Hunt, G., Osborn, N. (2004). Core concepts of Organizational  Behavior. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Thompson, L. (2008). Organizational behavior today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Famous Inventors and Inventions - E

Famous Inventors and Inventions - E Charles Eames - Ray Eames Ranked among the most important of industrial designers. They are best known for their groundbreaking contributions to architecture, furniture design, industrial design, manufacturing, and the photographic arts. George Eastman Invented dry, transparent, and flexible photographic film Presper Eckert Behind the history of the ENIAC computer. Harold E Doc Edgerton Doc Edgerton invented high-speed stroboscopic photography. Thomas Edison All of Thomas Edisons major inventions. Also - The Life of Thomas Edison, Biography of Thomas Edison, An Animated Luncheon Brendan Eich Created JavaScript. Gustave Eiffel Built the Eiffel Tower for the Paris Worlds Fair of 1889, which honored the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. Albert Einstein Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Einsteins theories lead to the invention of nuclear power and the atomic bomb. Gertrude Belle Elion Invented the leukemia fighting drug 6-mercaptopurine, drugs that facilitated kidney transplants and drugs for the treatment of cancer. Thomas Elkins African American inventor - view his three U.S. patents. Philip Emeagwali In 1989, Emeagwali won the Gordon Bell Prize for inventing software for supercomputers. John Emmett Received a patent for Tagamet - inhibits the production of stomach acid. Douglas Engelbart Invented the computer mouse and the first GUI software before Microsoft or Apple. John Ericsson The history of the propelling steam vessels. Oliver Evans Pioneered the high-pressure steam engine. Ole Evinrude Invented the outboard motor. Try Searching by Invention If you cannot find what you want, try searching by invention. Continue Alphabetically: F Starting Last Names

Hindu and Judeo-Christian myths Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hindu and Judeo-Christian myths - Research Paper Example In all of the creation myths, there is the birth of the world and the birth of humans. In many of the creation stories, there is also a deluge – this means that the creator thinks that He or She made a mistake in creating the humans, so sent them back to the chaos of the Flood. The waters of the flood may also be a source of new birth. The archetypal characters who may appear in the creationism myths include the creator, who makes order out of chaos, sometimes by using his own bodily fluids, sometimes by conjoining with an equal and opposite natural power; the trickster, who is the negative force; the first man and first woman; and the flood hero, who looks for a new beginning after the great flood (97). The Hindu myths and the Christian myths diverge significantly, however, in how creation began. How are the two creation stories from different regions of the world inter-related? Hindu Myths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hinduism is an extension of Veda, which i s the source of many Hindu rites and speculation (Renou, 105). Since this religion, which essentially â€Å"fed† Hinduism, is the source of mythology, this is a religion which may be explored to determine the creationist myths of Hinduism. In Veda, there are gods which function as represented, much like in Greek mythology. Among the gods worshiped by the Vedas, was Arya, who was the god of war; Agni, the god of fire; and Soma, the god of plant and liquor (105).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the myths for how the world began, according to the Veda, is the creation of the world from the soul (Renou, 107). In this myth, there was a soul that was in the form of the person. Because this soul was alone, he desired a second, and his self was split into two pieces – a   husband and a wife. From this husband and wife’s copulation, humans were reproduced. She then became a cow, and he a bull, and they reproduced. She became a mare, he a stallion, w ho reproduced. And so forth, on down to the ants. Whatever was moist in the world was created from semen, and was called Soma. He created his superiors, the gods. Therefore, according to this myth, the world was populated from one soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Rg Veda has another telling of how life was created, and that was through primeval incest. In this story, which may be simply an anthropomorphic retelling of the earlier myth about the One who creates a Second, which is the myth told above, a father impregnates his daughter. According to this story, when the father shed his seed in his daughter, his seed was spilled upon the earth (Doniger O'Flaherty, 167). Doniger O’Flaherty states that the Brahmanas also had a version of creation, as did the Upanisads. In this version of creation, there is also incest. The incestuous father’s name in this myth is Prajapati. In this story, Prajapati approached his daughter, who was alternatively the sky or the dawn. She was in the form of a doe, he as a stag. The others did not approve of this, and Prajapati was pierced, and flew upward as a deer. The arrow was in three parts, and was known as the tripartite arrow. Prajapati also had a chance to spill his seed, and his seed spillage became a lake. Cattle sprang up from the seeds when the Marutttsss blew upon it. Doniger O’Flaherty states that this is one version, and other versions have the sons of Prajpati committing the incestuous act with their own sister. In these other versions, the Rudra is born from the seed, and, in some versions, the Rud

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics - Essay Example The theory of â€Å"invisible hand† proposed by the father of economics, Adam Smith, refers to this theory of price. According to Smith, prices are the sacrifice made by customers in order to make a utility gain through consumption of the good or service and the gain made by producers by selling the product that they have produced. Therefore, any rational consumer would be willing to make lesser sacrifice for a comparatively larger amount of gain. On the other hand, producers or sellers would desire to be willing to earn more by selling their product than the sacrifice they have made during producing the good. The market comes to equilibrium at the point at which both the decisions regarding buying and selling the good intersect with one another. This phenomenon is termed as the invisible hand, since the market operates without intervention by any third party (Mankiw 26). Figure: Free market equilibrium (Source: Author’s creation) Three important functions are played by price mechanism in a competitive market economy. These are signaling function, rationalling function and incentive function. Signaling function Prices of goods and services in a competitive market economy demonstrate the rate of availability or scarcity of resources in the market. It indicates whether resource is allocated adequately in different sectors in the economy (Adil 71). In the long run, high price level signals producers to enter the market, while customers are signaled to leave the market and look for cheaper substitutes. Therefore, supply rise and demand falls. Figure: Signaling effect (Source: Author’s creation) Rationalling function Prices can ration scarce resources when market demand is much higher than market supply. If market demand is higher, price would rise, thereby making the good available to those customers only that have the demand for the good backed by purchasing power. It helps to bring the market to equilibrium from a position of disequilibrium b y equaling demand with supply (Boyes and ?Michael 26). Incentive function Price mechanism plays an active and important role in the market economy. Price of a good is the incentive for both buyer and seller to buy or sell the product. For successful running of a competitive market, prices should be efficient enough to incentive the economic agents to involve into economic transactions. Figure: Rationing and incentive effect (Source: Author’s creation) If there is excess demand it raises price. Incentive effect allows suppliers to increase supply while rationalling effect makes buyers to reduce demand. This leads to a new equilibrium (from e to e2). Answer 2: Demand and supply are two basic forces that operate in a competitive market structure. Price plays an important role in determining the equilibrium quantity of demand and supply in this type of economy. Although economic theory simplistically states that there is negative relationship between price of a product and its de mand and positive relationship between price of the product and its supply; there is a difference between expansion and increase in demand or supply for a good or service and contraction or decrease in demand or supply for a good or service (Friedman 13). Expansion or contraction in demand or supply Demand (or supply) can change either due to change in price of the good (or service) or due to change in other variables affecting price.

Statistical data in a business context that requires a decision. Use Research Paper

Statistical data in a business context that requires a decision. Use probability concepts to formulate a decision - Research Paper Example The consultancy guarantees that it will give the restaurant the perfect forecast or perfect information about its daily sales. With the perfect information the restaurant will know in advance how many hamburgers will be sold each day. In taking this decision, the expected value concept has been applied. This has resulted in minimization of uncertainty of decision making for the restaurant. The restaurant should stock 200 burgers everyday. This will maximize its profit from the sale of hamburgers. Statistical decision theory or Bayesian decision theory finds much application in business decision making. Managers of small and large businesses find it very useful. It is named after Reverend Thomas Bayes. Reverend Bayes was trying to prove the existence of God through the application of probability when he came upon his decision theory (Richard I. Levin, David S. Rubin

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis - Essay Example The economic profit is attained from the difference of national income and the addition of MPL x L to MPK x K. this can be summarized into the formular below. Economic Profit = Y – ((MPL x L) + (MPK x K)) Hence, Y is connected to unemployment, the available capital and the paid wages. The disparity between Y in presence or absence of lowering G is relevant to the government’s higher savings. According to the curve, it can be suggested that the government saves money by lowering G. in the short run there is decrease from 2.79% to 1.13% in the year 2003 while in the long run in 2009, there is an increase to 3.4% from 2.5%. in the IS-LM model, the change in the financial policy attributes to shifting of IS along the LM curve hence declining Y might accompany a contradictory policy. There is rise in the unemployment curve after reduction of G by 10% . This is evident in the decrease of the demanded labour causing the decrease of the Y. furthermore, it is shown that wage rig idity results in to unemployment. The need for labour declines with the decrease in Y and so the unemployment or Y reduces, hence wages maintain the level and unemployment increases. Wages change the market adjustments till the decreasing unemployment in the long run. Inflation relates negatively with unemployment. The decreasing inflation is caused by the rate of unemployment. Thus, declining unemployment causes increasing inflation since low wages and increased investments in the long run. In 2006 there was an inflation standing at 2.24% without the introduction of the change as compared to -1.84% caused by the change. The multiplier effect suggests that the government debt is also affected by decreased government expenditure. The decrease of Y is greater than the decrease in the expenditure leading to reducing taxes therefore a greater deficit in budget results. More increasing Y debt reduces. This explains the decrease in the budget deficit in the long run. The virtual economy m odel illustrates the exchange rate. The increase expressed is a decline in theory since the IS curve shifts to the left because of the cut in government expenditure. The subject virtual economy illustration is from the fact that it relies on the models utilized by American economy. Hence, the exchange rate has to be observed differently. The exchange rate does not directly influence the national income since the net exports rice in a laissez-fair economy whenever e is little. Nonetheless, according to this illustration, it is more costly to import product from foreign countries. Selected Policy Mix The general target of the government is to stabilize the economy rather than upsetting it. There are some economists suggesting that the government has to disturb the economy at some instances to keep it balanced. The United Kingdom policy maker should come up with the policy that will contain these challenges. The government should adopt fiscal policy. Adopting this policy will enable th e government to achieve stable exchange rate as result an equilibrium balance of payment will be achieved. Thus there is an inherent belief that the economy is unstable with shocking influences on the demand and supply. Conversely, economists feel that the economy is always stable in itself in spite of bad policies that lead to acute fluctuations. Hence the

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Research Proposal Example Thirty (30) women in the first trimester of gestation will be recruited from a local clinic to participate in this study. They will be randomly assigned to a control group and an experimental group. All the subjects will answer the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Beck Depression Inventory- II (BDI-II) before and after they give birth and the Mother-Infant Attachment Scale (MIAS) as an additional post test after they give birth. The only difference will be that the experimental group will undergo CBT session once a week. Results will be compared to validate if CBT has been instrumental in helping the experimental group manage their PPS and attachment issues or not. Introduction This study purports to answer the research question: To what extent does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) help women with postpartum depression and difficulty with attachment to their infant as compared to women who do not receive CBT? Postpartum depression (PPT) affects a growing number of new mothers and its consequences for both mother and infant can be damaging. It usually occurs within four weeks after the birth of the infant (O’Hara, 1997), and affects one in every seven new mothers, reflecting a prevalence rate of 13% (Wisner et al., 2006; O’Hara & Swain, 1996). The seriousness of the impact of PPD has been alarming, making it an important public health problem (Cuijpers et al., 2008). To prevent PPS, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been known to be an effective intervention. It is a psychotherapeutic approach of training an individual to think of positive things instead of dwelling on the negative. Thus, it may provide significant impact on women with postpartum depression and difficulties with attachment to their infants. CBT can help the new mothers to understand how their thinking and behaviour affect their emotional state and this in turn affects their feelings and ability to attach to their babies. Review of Literature Depression Depr ession is associated with â€Å"feelings of extreme sadness† which not only last for long periods of time, but it is also recurrent and may further develop into suicidal tendencies (NHS, 2010). It is usually manifested with negative behaviors stemming from negative emotions. Sometimes, the person experiencing it is not even aware that he or she is undergoing depression. Its concept as a serious and debilitating illness, one which has had great impact globally, has become recognised within general medicine and the public eye in more recent times (NHS, 2010). In 1996, the World Bank published a report on the global burden of disease implicating the importance for the realisation that the impact of depression worldwide is vast. In 1990, 11 million sufferers of depression were identified in the US alone (Scott et al, 2003) . Cognitive Behavior Therapy Aaron Beck, one of the proponents of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), agrees that much of our psychological problems are caused b y â€Å"cognitive distortions† due to our acknowledged human fallibility. Individuals who undergo depression have belief systems or assumptions that may have developed from their negative early experiences which were not resolved well. Thus the negative experiences may have lead to the development of dysfunctional beliefs about the world, which may easily be triggered certain events (Field, 2000). Beck (1987) came up with the concept of â€Å"negative cognitive triad† that describes the pattern that triggers depression. In the first component of the triad, the client exhibits a negative view of himself. He is convinced that he is to blame for whatever pathetic state he is currently in because of his personal inadequacies. Secondly, the client shows negative view of

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis - Essay Example The economic profit is attained from the difference of national income and the addition of MPL x L to MPK x K. this can be summarized into the formular below. Economic Profit = Y – ((MPL x L) + (MPK x K)) Hence, Y is connected to unemployment, the available capital and the paid wages. The disparity between Y in presence or absence of lowering G is relevant to the government’s higher savings. According to the curve, it can be suggested that the government saves money by lowering G. in the short run there is decrease from 2.79% to 1.13% in the year 2003 while in the long run in 2009, there is an increase to 3.4% from 2.5%. in the IS-LM model, the change in the financial policy attributes to shifting of IS along the LM curve hence declining Y might accompany a contradictory policy. There is rise in the unemployment curve after reduction of G by 10% . This is evident in the decrease of the demanded labour causing the decrease of the Y. furthermore, it is shown that wage rig idity results in to unemployment. The need for labour declines with the decrease in Y and so the unemployment or Y reduces, hence wages maintain the level and unemployment increases. Wages change the market adjustments till the decreasing unemployment in the long run. Inflation relates negatively with unemployment. The decreasing inflation is caused by the rate of unemployment. Thus, declining unemployment causes increasing inflation since low wages and increased investments in the long run. In 2006 there was an inflation standing at 2.24% without the introduction of the change as compared to -1.84% caused by the change. The multiplier effect suggests that the government debt is also affected by decreased government expenditure. The decrease of Y is greater than the decrease in the expenditure leading to reducing taxes therefore a greater deficit in budget results. More increasing Y debt reduces. This explains the decrease in the budget deficit in the long run. The virtual economy m odel illustrates the exchange rate. The increase expressed is a decline in theory since the IS curve shifts to the left because of the cut in government expenditure. The subject virtual economy illustration is from the fact that it relies on the models utilized by American economy. Hence, the exchange rate has to be observed differently. The exchange rate does not directly influence the national income since the net exports rice in a laissez-fair economy whenever e is little. Nonetheless, according to this illustration, it is more costly to import product from foreign countries. Selected Policy Mix The general target of the government is to stabilize the economy rather than upsetting it. There are some economists suggesting that the government has to disturb the economy at some instances to keep it balanced. The United Kingdom policy maker should come up with the policy that will contain these challenges. The government should adopt fiscal policy. Adopting this policy will enable th e government to achieve stable exchange rate as result an equilibrium balance of payment will be achieved. Thus there is an inherent belief that the economy is unstable with shocking influences on the demand and supply. Conversely, economists feel that the economy is always stable in itself in spite of bad policies that lead to acute fluctuations. Hence the

The topic is life cycle impact assessment and the area of the topic is Case Study

The topic is life cycle impact assessment and the area of the topic is environmental impact assessment - Case Study Example This effect occur at all stages of a life cycle of a product. From the time a material is extracted from the source through to the processing, manufacturing, transportation, and finally recycling or disposal stage. This effect may be direct, involving emissions such as those produced by automobiles usage, or indirect involving impact of water ways from electricity production used during the manufacturing. One of the methodologies commonly used is life cycle assessment (LCA), which both involves direct and indict effect of processes and products. LCA has been confirmed to be useful in making consistent and objective environmental assessments. This concept has been broadened by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry to include the environmental impact and improvement phases, and the inventory. Studies have demonstrated the use Life Cycle impact Assessment (LCA) methods to analyse potential impact of various process on the environment. Lithium (Li-ion) batteries, often used in hybrid and electric vehicles to power plug-in have shown some promise of â€Å"fuelling† these hybrid and electric vehicles and help reduce emitting of greenhouse gas. However, there are some few notable areas in these Li-ion batteries that need to be improved in order to reduce possible public health and environmental impact. This is according to the â€Å"cradle to grave† study, which was conducted by the Abt Associates for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The study, which was conducted through a partnership involving the U.S. Department of Energy, EPA, academicians, and Li-ion battery industry, was the first LCA (Life circle assessment) to collect and use data given by Li-ion battery manufacturers, recyclers and suppliers. The main purpose was identifying materials and processes within the life cycle of Lion battery that could largely contribute impacts on environmental

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Example for Free

Crossing the West and Unite Essay Is Pan- Africanism merely an ideology of beliefs that belongs to a past?   Historically it can be traced that Africans in their country of origin have a great civilization but why in the world would this great people need to walk a crusade like one of its forerunner’s Du Bois when he said that: â€Å"The Last Battle of the West† in liberation of the Africans.   This was reechoed to the world when racial ideologies become severe in the West, in Latin America, and under the British Colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the paper written by Araia it was mentioned in detail how Pan-africanism followed throughout history how the Africans were discriminated from repatriation towards the movement of the Diaspora.   Some of them are also the black slaves who are treated well and given freedom by some of their masters.   This loyalty taught the Diaspora to adapt the ways their masters taught them. The Africans and Diaspora experienced the same discrimination and both have adjusted to their present environs.     It was also proven that one color is not a proof of unity since man seeks to have different clichà ©s or the need to belong to a certain group.   In some cases, adoption to a certain laws and culture makes a person get antagonized by two identities especially if the one being introduced is exactly opposed to his or her tradition.   And with that, instead of unification a person has the guilt of having adulterated ones culture or we may say to experience a culture shock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That shock divides, and Pan-African organizations have travelled a long way to reunite its brood. An issue that goes with identity crises is repatriation which has bad and good consequences like founding its way for a new black republic in the western hemisphere.   That beginnings fostered confidence to the Diaspora and to the Africans in the continent.   These are somehow, providential that the Africans scatter the world like someone says that from evil there is an abundance of good.   In this scenario, we can conclude that those early Africans who crossed the continent have struggled, though some may loose their birth right marks, many have hold on to his true identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one of the conferences, African’s echoed the need to be respected like all other humans as Malcolm X stated that â€Å"†¦, so that Africa too becomes respected as other huge continents are respected, then, wherever people of African origin, African heritage or African blood go, they will be respected – but only when and because they have something much larger that looks like them behind them (GAraia).†Ã‚   His words explained the impact of Pan-Africanism ideology towards the African experience and the Black Diaspora. To him, the proof of a good race is the good examples that will be left behind by that color and creed.   Malcolm X words mean to say, the need for the Africans to show to the world that the race came from a good and descent stock while explaining that respect begets respect.   But first and foremost respect for oneself should come first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elevation of the human nature is based on its dignity, and for this reason it is necessary to look back to where this race belongs.   It is important to see how the older ones have struggled and how did they fought squarely the battle of searching for one’s identity.   Thus when it is found, is it an experience of neither dismay nor courage.   The integral part of this soul searching is whether it is accepted or not but the most important thing is to gain confidence and repair whatever damage is done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reformist Du Boisian pan-Africanism had more influence and ideological impact on Africans in the Continent during the early part of reunification but on the later part the transatlantic Pan-Africanism focused on nationalist ideologies thru Nkrumah.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the vision of Garvey became relevant until today because it has promoted unity and well-being among Africans, re-examination of public policy against racism and other forms of discrimination which has resulted to security and equality, and provision of sovereignty and respect towards individual culture.   Identity crisis was changed into acceptance in spite that points of view can not always be the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Brazzaville and Casablanca could have been fueled by the so called identity crisis too which could have gotten down to the marrow of the new generations of the Africans in the middle of the 19th Century. The former against the bearing of a socialist mentality and the other gets intimidated of begging or having dependence on the Western aid.   Those are two opposing ideological differences that have affected the political and economic perspectives of that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in the course of time different Africans groups learned to focus on their similarities to bridge the gap that has existed due to various groupings.   This meeting of the minds ended in the formation of the African Unity which led by Nkrumah created the UNIA under the influence of the philosophy of Marcus Garvey to the Negritude of Cesaire and Senghor.   This movement led to the search of the African identity till it is known today as African Union (AU) which was previously called Organization of African Unity (OAU).   Today, we may say that the Pan-Africanism movement has matured and was able to handle whatever difficulties they would get entangled within their individual principles and personal circumstances.   Through viable global communications brought by new technology, a connection was built between Africa and its Diasporas which forge Pan-African unity transcending all unproductive dichotomies. Today’s relevance of the Pan-African   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism will remain the instrument of fostering unity and empowerment as long as there is marginalized Africans and Diaspora that has been continually growing in numbers.   It will be the voice to call and unite, and to remind wherever this colored men are, telling each one is his brother’s keeper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the growing world spearheading towards globalization, there is a great need for Pan-Africanism to be a state led project in the emancipation of its great role in the 21st Century. There will be new challenges facing the Africa and the Diaspora despite of its historical achievements of decolonization and civil rights.   The ideology of collective empowerment can provide a great leap for Pan-African states and societies who are merely pawns in the world arena.   According to Nkrumah there is a need to pull all resources like the socio-cultural, eco-political aspects and demographic capitals to attain the Pan-African vision of the socio-economic development of all its civil societies namely the Africans and the Diasporas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very striking to know that African migrants (Diaspora) today are very much educated as compared to people of its country’s origin.   Making the brain drain problem severe in Africa but these international migrants who are skilled are assets for the developing countries in terms of remittances and brain mobility.   Those who migrated towards the north are very much educated however they only comprise of the minority.   Majority migrated to other African countries.   In other words, the Diaspora represents a growing mighty force for the development of Pan-Africanism today.   The African Diasporas because of their dual identities acquired from their host countries became more flexible and at the same time equipped with enormous social capital that could defend the future of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the government only views the Diasporas as an economic resource or by way a dollar remittance arm.   They do not only exceed foreign investments cash capital but with their civic and cultural awareness could access global markets, create a more vigorous democracy that could strengthen a society that encourages growth of new philanthropic cultures.   Diasporas are regarded as people with multiple identities but with commitments firmly rooted to their country of origin.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The new generation of the African Diasporas will surely bridged the gap of the Atlantic and Africa and the African American created by prejudices and the racist media.   One can perceived today the growing awareness in the Pan-American consciousness for instance the assertiveness of the blacks in Brazil, the affirmation of Afrocentric culture in the US, and Afropolitan identities of the diasporas in European Countries.   They are collective struggles that show the world that these African migrants are reconstructing their identities by renegotiating their place in wherever host societies they belong which is in congruent that they will attain full democratic citizenship and status, a dream that has been long awaited by their peers and fore parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the long run, this presence of the Diaspora will be felt by the whole world and in order to facilitate their presence, African policy makers and Pan-Africanism should take the Diaspora options seriously.   This requires networks that facilitate brain mobility, formation of diverse knowledge, and the defense to Africa which have been defamed in Euro-America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AU with its 20 councils, promoted social and cultural contexts towards its civic organizations in order to unify and integrate Africa, an enduring dream for Pan-Africanism derived from the rising of the Diaspora’s homogenization from one’s host country.   The AU is more robust organization, and is more people friendly.   The OAU was preoccupied with politics, sovereignty and elite’s camaraderie. However, both are achievers in the vision of Pan-Africanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In its present trend, AU launched the â€Å"African Union-African Diaspora Summit at all levels of the State and Governments, with a theme â€Å"Towards the realization of a united and integrated Africa and its Diaspora† in short, after crossing the West – the African will be united.   This unity hopefully will lead to a full cooperation and better understanding of every member of the Pan-African nations including the cooperation of the Diaspora host countries worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self acceptance of the Diaspora rejuvenated Pan-Africanism with its contemporary dictum of being able to combine the old and new.   Their demands are no longer driven by political independence but learning the complex ties that separate and unites them to their origin.   With this knowledge, unity will not be an elusive dream to the Pan-Africanism but a way of life transcending global marginalism that has been caused by inequality of power and privileges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The passing of time may have healed the wounds in the past; the present generations are no longer alienated to the prejudices, but men and women who are proud of their colors and traditional beliefs.   These Africans are more capable of confronting the problems of today than merely following the course of history.   These are men who see the world, fair and square but able to form kinship and friendship even with those who had inflicted wounds on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pan-Africanism is not just an ideology it’s praxis, a chain that links all Africans of the world.   It has guided the race through out history and will always be a gleaming light for those who find that multiple identities seem quite confusing.   It will be a bosom for all Africans to convene, and to learn that adopting other technologies and means is not to be come inferior but teaching this race the value of genuine patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The so called ideology came from a long journey, it infiltrated the West and the Atlantic continent, and it has surrounded the world as bent on becoming a one and united dynamic race.   They will be people who will not be saddened by their past mistakes but more of a people who have stand and struggled to gain respect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are people with human culture that is unique and these beliefs are needed to be upheld and preserved. The Pan-African vision will guide these beliefs through time which must be guided by wisdom.   Loving ones country does not hate the other; nationalism is not wrong as long as we do not hate or inflict wrong another nation.   Better still, we must love our own country but also loving the rest of the world and that’s what you call patriotism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For those who are lucky to cross the West, and the other Diaspora, and those who belong to each others continent it is time to unite.   After all, man belongs to one single stock – the human being with a body and soul.   Diasporas from all parts of the globe or Africans alike wherever continent they belong, they are just one brother and sister who belongs to one and the same human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To all Africans and Diaspora the ideology of Pan-Africanism will always be behind, until the time that this race received the respect its forerunners has long waited for.  Ã‚   It will always be the shadow that will unite every Africans and the Diaspora who has been nurtured and taught by its adoptive nation.   In turn, both will be teaching the other their ways combining new and old and giving good examples that the rest of the world will learn to admire and accept. Works Cited Ghelawdewos Araia. â€Å"The Historical and Ideological Foundations of Pan-Africanism.†Ã‚   2006.

McNally and Geraerts Recovered Memory Proposal Analysis

McNally and Geraerts Recovered Memory Proposal Analysis Kaitlin Snapp Memory and Memory Disorders Reaction to McNally and Geraerts Recovered Memory Proposal McNally and Geraerts’s work, â€Å"Reaction to the Recovered Memory Debate† critically analyzes the previously proposed methods of recovering memories describing childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Finding fault in both existing theories, McNally and Garaerts suggest a third explanation for memories of CSA recovered years after the event. In the past, via the â€Å"repression interpretation,† scientists suggested that CSA memories are inaccessible until much later in life when it is psychologically safe to bring them to mind. On the contrary, the â€Å"false memories interpretation† suggests that CSA reports should be considered through a skeptical lens since traumatic emotional memories are usually thoroughly consolidated and frequently revisited. Therein, those memories that are called to mind via memory-recover methods such as hypnosis or guided imagery could likely be falsified. McNally and Geraerts challenge both existing analyses advocating instead the rol e of suppression, lack of retrieval cues, and affective association to explain gaps between CSA reflections and the time of the event for corroborated accounts. Accounts of CSA are of huge importance to the world of criminal law, child development and child protection. False memories of an occurrence of abuse can have major implications against the perpetrator or against the victim. A false memory of CSA that leads to prosecution of an innocent suspect undermines our nation’s justice system. On the other hand, a false memory that is presented and then proven wrong beyond reasonable doubt to the jury or judge can negatively affect future victims of true CSA, as they may not be viewed as credible. How then can psychologists help predict whether an account is true or false? The CSA accounts of most concern in this study were those that are presented years following the traumatic event. As stated before scientists usually believed these accounts were either, true (and just repressed) or false (and fabricated due to therapeutic priming). McNally and Geraerts suggest that delayed CSA accounts can be true, and yet not delayed due to repression, a concept of great controversy in clinical psychology due to little empirical support. Through studying ways a delayed retelling of a CSA memory maintains validity of its occurrence, court related factions may be better prepared to make a verdict on presumed cases of childhood sexual abuse. That will not only support our nation’s prosecution process but it will also support victim’s of CSA by encouraging them to share their experiences with the authorities. By their proposition, McNally and Geraerts concluded that CSA memories are suppressed rather than repressed, meaning the memories are not inaccessible to the victim, but rather heavily avoided in reflection of past events. They found this explanation plausible based on the idea that at the age of abuse, most victims were not able to understand the traumatic implications of the offense. A study of 27 corroborated accounts concluded that only 2 of the children being abused perceived the experience as traumatic. These two were, not surprisingly, the only two children to understand the sexual nature of the perpetrator’s activity at the time of the offense. The remaining 25 interviewed adults recognized the event at the time that it occurred as a little unordinary or uncomfortable, rather than traumatic. This explains why the memory may have been so easily dismissed. It also counters the argument that CSA memories shouldn’t be repressed due to their highly emotional nature. As a daycare associate last summer at a program for government-assisted homes, I witnessed the lack of understanding of a sexual offense against a young child. One of my nine-year old students registered halfway through the summer at the daycare where I worked. Her reasons, she explained in a very matter of fact, sematicized way, was because she had been raped twice in the past two months. First by her babysitter’s father and then her mother’s boyfriend, both known and trusted figures in her life. Due to HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) confidentiality regulations, I am not able to share much more on this case; however, I did recognize that the concern I held for the child’s well-being was much greater than that which she held for her own circumstances. She was hardly aware of how that sexual predation was a huge violation against her female rights. This tragic revelation makes it hard for me to agree with people who believe that CSA wo uld undoubtedly seem tragic to any child, despite their young age. What we fail to recognize, is that until sexuality is better understood through adolescence, children have difficulties discerning a â€Å"loving touch† from an â€Å"inappropriate touch†. Another argument supporting the credibility behind McNally and Geraerts’s third interpretation of CSA recovered memories is the lack of retrieval cues existing throughout the victim’s lifetime. McNally and Geraerts concluded that some people have better executive control of their memory than others, especially when it concerns emotionally negative recollections. This fact, paired with a lack of reminders of the abusive event, may very well account for the victim’s ability to suppress the memory. Additionally, McNally and Geraerts argued that throughout their lives, CSA victims may have previously recalled the experience but later when recalling it over again, they feel as though it is the first time they are remembering the event. This happens most often when the affective association of the event changes from subdued or accepted to terrified and ashamed. If the abuse memory first came to mind as a subtle recollection with minimal emotional links, it could have e asily been dismissed as a mundane afterthought. Then when it is re-remembered and taken in a more emotionally unsettling light, it will likely feel as though this spontaneous recollection is the first since the event. Both pieces of evidence support the possibility of suppression of CSA memories whose spontaneous retrievals corroboration rates are insignificantly different from those memories always maintained by victims (compare 37% to 43% respectively). A clear, and life like example of these two concepts delineated by McNally and Geraerts comes through Stephen Chbosky’s literary work â€Å"The Perks of Being a Wallflower†. In this piece, the protagonist Charlie was sexually abused by his beloved aunt at a very young age. Charlie could only spontaneously clarify these moments of trauma, however, when he faced specific retrieval cues. These included similar weather to a time when his aunt visited, witnessing his sister being abused by a boyfriend (a situation his aunt faced), the death of his aunt in a car accident, and Charlie’s first emotionally charged sexual experience with a friend he loved. Charlie did not need therapy to bring these memories out gradually; rather, he needed specific cues and an understanding of the events’ traumatic implications. The recollections were always accessible. The suggested third interpretation of CSA recovered memories described by McNally and Geraerts is well supported empirically and aligns with a high corroboration rate. It would be inappropriate to imply that all memories recovered via the â€Å"repression† or â€Å"false memories† methods are inaccurate; nevertheless, there is something to be said about a victim’s account that surfaces in McNally and Geraerts manner. The backing for this theory will hopefully allow court judges and jury members to make more informed and accurate decisions for or against the prosecution. When used in the appropriate way, these psychological discoveries can have profound effects on the legitimacy of our nation’s criminal justice system.

Women as Undeveloped Men :: Ancient Greece Aristotle Female Essays

Women as Undeveloped Men Even the hard science of medicine is not always devoid of social information about the culture in which it is written. In ancient Greece, medical texts such as Aristotle’s The Female Role in Generation as well as The Seed and The Nature of the Child, both Hippocratic texts, all reinforced the idea that women are the result of weaker sperm despite differences in the specifics of their arguments. Aristotle wrote about the equivalence of menstrual fluid and male semen, except for menstrual fluid’s inability to generate offspring. The Hippocratic texts concluded that both partners contain sperm, and the combination of the strong male sperm and the strong female sperm creates a male child. The texts also mention the similarities between women and children, which explains the similar treatment of the two in Greece. The connection between eunuchs and women was also pointed out by reinforcing the physical semblance between unfertile men and mature women. All of these arguments come together to scientifically explain the female inferiority to the male sex, an all-encompassing aspect of society in ancient Greece. The medical texts of ancient Greece provide the scientific base for the conclusion of the society that women are undeveloped men and attempt to explain the patriarchal hierarchy of Grecian society that severely limited women’s rights and viewed them as second class citizens. The subject of semen, its nature and its role in generation inspired theories centering on the male’s ability and the female’s inability in both The Nature of the Child and Aristotle’s piece, The Female Role in Generation. According to the Hippocratic text The Nature of the Child, there is stronger and weaker sperm (346). On the subject of twins the reading states, â€Å"the pouch which receives thicker and stronger sperm will contain a male, while that which receives sperm which is more fluid and weaker will contain a female†(Lloyd ed., 346). Therefore a female is the result of weaker sperm, a weaker version of man. Similarly, Aristotle concludes that â€Å"menstrual fluid is a residue, and it is the analogous thing in females to semen in males† (Fant and Lefkowitz, 339). He describes the â€Å"male as possessing the principle of†¦generation† (ibid.). The female is simply â€Å"that out of which the generated offspring†¦comes† since â€Å"the female does not contribute any semen to generation† (ibid.

The Character of Blanche DuBois in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

The Character of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blanche, Stella's older sister, until recently a high school English teacher in Laurel, Mississippi. She arrives in New Orleans a loquacious, witty, arrogant, fragile, and ultimately crumbling figure. Blanche once was married to and passionately in love with a tortured young man. He killed himself after she discovered his homosexuality, and she has suffered from guilt and regret ever since. Blanche watched parents and relatives, all the old guard, die off, and then had to endure foreclosure on the family estate. Cracking under the strain, or perhaps yielding to urges so long suppressed that they now could no longer be contained, Blanche engages in a series of sexual escapades that trigger an expulsion from her community. In New Orleans she puts on the airs of a woman who has never known indignity, but Stanley sees through her. Her past catches up with her and destroys her relationship with Mitch. Stanley, as she fears he might, destroys what's left of her. At the end of the play she is led away to an insane asylum. This is indeed the story of what happened to Blanche in the play but what flaws in her own character were to blame for her subsequent tragedy. Blanche is by far the most complex character of the play. An intelligent and sensitive woman who values literature and the creativity of the human imagination, she is also emotionally traumatised and repressed. This gives license for her own imagination to become a haven for her pain. One senses that Blanches own view of her real self as opposed to her ideal self has been increasingly blurred over the years until it is sometimes difficult for her to tell the difference. It is a challenge to find the key to Blanche's melancholy but perhaps the roots of her trauma lie in her early marriage. She was haunted by her inability to help or understand her young, troubled husband and that she has tortured herself for it ever since. Her drive to lose herself in the "kindness of strangers" might also be understood from th is period in that her sense of confidence in her own feminine attraction was shaken by the knowledge of her husband's homosexuality and she is driven to use her sexual charms to attract men over and over. Yet, beneath all this, there is a desire to find a companion, to find fulfilment in love.

Battleship Potemkin

To many, Battleship Potemkin remains as powerful today as it was when it saw its initial release in 1915. A great deal of the power the film projects derives from its ability to draw on the emotional content of viewers who hold a dissatisfied feeling towards the government, a perennial feeling that never â€Å"goes out of style. † But does the film’s political statement undermine the credibility of the film as a work and sway it into the realm of propaganda?In a word, no as this is a highly skilled cinematic presentation that does not fall into the common trapping of propaganda cinema. To say the Battleship Potemkin contains a political point of view is an accurate statement; but, to say that the film is a work of propaganda may not entirely be correct. The reason for this is that propaganda generally involves a dishonest attempt to present a point of view that plays to the viewer’s emotions.Yes, Battleship Potemkin does present its anti-tsarist point of view so as to stimulate the viewer’s emotions to align with anti-tsarist sentiment however; life under the tsar was hardly one that was popular with the â€Å"common person. † In fact, the entire Russian revolution would have been impossible if the population held the ruling class in high esteem. So, the film does not so much change a point of view as much as it reflects what had been a common point of view.

Answers for Wooldridge

MULTIPLE REGRESSION After completing this chapter, you should be able to: understand model building using multiple regression analysis apply multiple regression analysis to business decision-making situations analyze and interpret the computer output for a multiple regression model test the significance of the independent variables in a multiple regression model use variable transformations to model nonlinear relationships recognize potential problems in multiple regression analysis and take the steps to correct the problems. ncorporate qualitative variables into the regression model by using dummy variables. Multiple Regression Assumptions The errors are normally distributed The mean of the errors is zero Errors have a constant variance The model errors are independent Model Specification Decide what you want to do and select the dependent variable Determine the potential independent variables for your model Gather sample data (observations) for all variables The Correlation Matrix Correlation between the dependent variable and selected independent variables can be found using Excel:Tools / Data Analysis†¦ / Correlation Can check for statistical significance of correlation with a t test Example A distributor of frozen desert pies wants to evaluate factors thought to influence demand Dependent variable: Pie sales (units per week) Independent variables: Price (in $) Advertising ($100’s) Data is collected for 15 weeks Pie Sales Model Sales = b0 + b1 (Price) + b2 (Advertising) Interpretation of Estimated Coefficients Slope (bi) Estimates that the average value of y changes by bi units for each 1 unit increase in Xi holding all other variables constantExample: if b1 = -20, then sales (y) is expected to decrease by an estimated 20 pies per week for each $1 increase in selling price (x1), net of the effects of changes due to advertising (x2) y-intercept (b0) The estimated average value of y when all xi = 0 (assuming all xi = 0 is within the range of obser ved values) Pie Sales Correlation Matrix Price vs. Sales : r = -0. 44327 There is a negative association between price and sales Advertising vs. Sales : r = 0. 55632 There is a positive association between advertising and sales Scatter DiagramsComputer software is generally used to generate the coefficients and measures of goodness of fit for multiple regression Excel: Tools / Data Analysis†¦ / Regression Multiple Regression Output The Multiple Regression Equation Using The Model to Make Predictions Input values Multiple Coefficient of Determination Reports the proportion of total variation in y explained by all x variables taken together Multiple Coefficient of Determination Adjusted R2 R2 never decreases when a new x variable is added to the model This can be a disadvantage when comparing modelsWhat is the net effect of adding a new variable? We lose a degree of freedom when a new x variable is added Did the new x variable add enough explanatory power to offset the loss of on e degree of freedom? Shows the proportion of variation in y explained by all x variables adjusted for the number of x variables used (where n = sample size, k = number of independent variables) Penalize excessive use of unimportant independent variables Smaller than R2 Useful in comparing among models Multiple Coefficient of Determination Is the Model Significant? F-Test for Overall Significance of the ModelShows if there is a linear relationship between all of the x variables considered together and y Use F test statistic Hypotheses: H0: ? 1 = ? 2 = †¦ = ? k = 0 (no linear relationship) HA: at least one ? i ? 0 (at least one independent variable affects y) F-Test for Overall Significance Test statistic: where F has (numerator) D1 = k and (denominator) D2 = (n – k – 1) degrees of freedom H0: ? 1 = ? 2 = 0 HA: ? 1 and ? 2 not both zero ( = . 05 df1= 2 df2 = 12 Are Individual Variables Significant? Use t-tests of individual variable slopes Shows if there is a linear relationship between the variable xi and yHypotheses: H0: ? i = 0 (no linear relationship) HA: ? i ? 0 (linear relationship does exist between xi and y) H0: ? i = 0 (no linear relationship) HA: ? i ? 0 (linear relationship does exist between xi and y) t Test Statistic: (df = n – k – 1) Inferences about the Slope: t Test Example H0: ? i = 0 HA: ? i ? 0 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Slope Standard Deviation of the Regression Model The estimate of the standard deviation of the regression model is: Standard Deviation of the Regression Model The standard deviation of the regression model is 47. 46 A rough prediction range for pie sales in a given week isPie sales in the sample were in the 300 to 500 per week range, so this range is probably too large to be acceptable. The analyst may want to look for additional variables that can explain more of the variation in weekly sales OUTLIERS If an observation exceeds UP=Q3+1. 5*IQR or if an observation is smaller than LO=Q1 -1. 5*IQR where Q1 and Q3 are quartiles and IQR=Q3-Q1 What to do if there are outliers? Sometimes it is appropriate to delete the entire observation containing the oulier. This will generally increase the R2 and F test statistic values Multicollinearity Multicollinearity: High correlation exists between two independent variablesThis means the two variables contribute redundant information to the multiple regression model Including two highly correlated independent variables can adversely affect the regression results No new information provided Can lead to unstable coefficients (large standard error and low t-values) Coefficient signs may not match prior expectations Some Indications of Severe Multicollinearity Incorrect signs on the coefficients Large change in the value of a previous coefficient when a new variable is added to the model A previously significant variable becomes insignificant when a new independent variable is addedThe estimate of the standard deviation of the mode l increases when a variable is added to the model Output for the pie sales example: Since there are only two explanatory variables, only one VIF is reported VIF is < 5 There is no evidence of collinearity between Price and Advertising Qualitative (Dummy) Variables Categorical explanatory variable (dummy variable) with two or more levels: yes or no, on or off, male or female coded as 0 or 1 Regression intercepts are different if the variable is significant Assumes equal slopes for other variables The number of dummy variables needed is (number of levels – 1)Dummy-Variable Model Example (with 2 Levels) Interpretation of the Dummy Variable Coefficient Dummy-Variable Models (more than 2 Levels) The number of dummy variables is one less than the number of levels Example: y = house price ; x1 = square feet The style of the house is also thought to matter: Style = ranch, split level, condo Dummy-Variable Models (more than 2 Levels) Interpreting the Dummy Variable Coefficients (with 3 Levels) Nonlinear Relationships The relationship between the dependent variable and an independent variable may not be linear Useful when scatter diagram indicates non-linear relationshipExample: Quadratic model The second independent variable is the square of the first variable Polynomial Regression Model where: ?0 = Population regression constant ?i = Population regression coefficient for variable xj : j = 1, 2, †¦k p = Order of the polynomial (i = Model error Linear vs. Nonlinear Fit Quadratic Regression Model Testing for Significance: Quadratic Model Test for Overall Relationship F test statistic = Testing the Quadratic Effect Compare quadratic model with the linear model Hypotheses (No 2nd order polynomial term) (2nd order polynomial term is needed) Higher Order Models Interaction EffectsHypothesizes interaction between pairs of x variables Response to one x variable varies at different levels of another x variable Contains two-way cross product terms Effect of Interacti on Without interaction term, effect of x1 on y is measured by ? 1 With interaction term, effect of x1 on y is measured by ? 1 + ? 3 x2 Effect changes as x2 increases Interaction Example Hypothesize interaction between pairs of independent variables Hypotheses: H0: ? 3 = 0 (no interaction between x1 and x2) HA: ? 3 ? 0 (x1 interacts with x2) Model Building Goal is to develop a model with the best set of independent variablesEasier to interpret if unimportant variables are removed Lower probability of collinearity Stepwise regression procedure Provide evaluation of alternative models as variables are added Best-subset approach Try all combinations and select the best using the highest adjusted R2 and lowest s? Idea: develop the least squares regression equation in steps, either through forward selection, backward elimination, or through standard stepwise regression The coefficient of partial determination is the measure of the marginal contribution of each independent variable, given that other independent variables are in the modelBest Subsets Regression Idea: estimate all possible regression equations using all possible combinations of independent variables Choose the best fit by looking for the highest adjusted R2 and lowest standard error s? Aptness of the Model Diagnostic checks on the model include verifying the assumptions of multiple regression: Each xi is linearly related to y Errors have constant variance Errors are independent Error are normally distributed Residual Analysis The Normality Assumption Errors are assumed to be normally distributed Standardized residuals can be calculated by computerExamine a histogram or a normal probability plot of the standardized residuals to check for normality Chapter Summary Developed the multiple regression model Tested the significance of the multiple regression model Developed adjusted R2 Tested individual regression coefficients Used dummy variables Examined interaction in a multiple regression model Described nonlinear regression models Described multicollinearity Discussed model building Stepwise regression Best subsets regression Examined residual plots to check model assumptions

Compare two different case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare two different - Case Study Example The third aspect of similarity is that both rulings are appealed, the absence of personal jurisdiction is challenged and the rulings are reversed. The cases are different in that in Bombliss v. Cornelsen, Bombliss is the plaintiff and Cornelsen, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, Internet Solutions Corp is the plaintiff and Tabitha Marshall, the defendant. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the final ruling is made in the Florida Supreme Court while Bombliss v. Cornelsen is settled in the Appellate Court of Illinois. In Internet Solutions Corp. v. Marshall, the contention is Fla. Stat. section 48.193(1) (b): whether or not the material posted online on a Florida resident must only have its access restricted to Florida. In the case, Bombliss v. Cornelsen the contention is whether or not the contacts between Cornelsen and Bombliss are adequate to establish personal jurisdiction, and thereby satisfying due process. in the event that Tabitha Marshall had committed the defamation, the court would establish whether the claim the plaintiff pressed for in the court are commensurate with the damages. The court would then make a ruling to the effect that Marshall pays for the damages that the plaintiff, Internet Solutions Corp incurred because of the information she had posted in the website. In the event that Marshall is unable to pay for the damages, Marshall would be subjected to a prison

Trusts and Equity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trusts and Equity - Coursework Example Trustees of Trust have many responsibilities in the exercising of their duties as a trustee. The areas that often posses most difficulties for trustees and is most often misinterpreted, in this area of investment. The Trustee Act 1956 followed an approach of a permitted legal list can be amended from time to time by the new categories if investment. However even though there are no restrictions on the type of investment the trustees can make. There is a general requirement that a trustee exercising any power of investment shall exercise the care, diligence and skill that a prudent person of business the affair of authors. Adam and Beth should consider to take the investment idea that investment advisor have proposed to them. They can invest in stock exchange in order to reduce the risk for losing a lot of money in their investment. The act allows the trustees to invest in any asset as if they were absolutely entitled. The power to invest can be overridden or amended by any investment powers in the trust deed. Typically, these allow trustees to invest in a wide range of investment such as life assurance products, deposits and shares. When selecting investment like investing in shares, the trustees are required to regard the standard vestment criteria that the investment should be suitable and diversified. In order to meet the requirement of the Trustee amendment Act, it is strongly recommended that trustee should work with qualified financial planner who has experience in trustee investment. It should be noted that the investment strategy applied to the trust assets like those shares that Adam and Beth have in that private company can be significantly different than that for an individual. This is because a trust can have different classes of beneficiaries such as income beneficiaries and capital beneficiaries. Modern trusts tend to be fully discretionary trust which will require the trustees to carefully balance all the interest of their beneficiaries.